行列の計算例題（行列式）

例題：次の行列式を計算せよ。

\[ \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{20pt}wr{20pt}wr{20pt}wr{20pt}@{}}{-}1 & 1 & 0 & {-}1 & {-}2 \\ 1 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 \\ 2 & {-}1 & {-}1 & 2 & 2 \\ {-}1 & {-}2 & 0 & {-}1 & 1 \\ 1 & {-}2 & 1 & {-}1 & {-}1\end{array}\,\right| \]

解答

\( \qquad \qquad \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}{-}1 & 1 & 0 & {-}1 & {-}2 \\ 1 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 \\ 2 & {-}1 & {-}1 & 2 & 2 \\ {-}1 & {-}2 & 0 & {-}1 & 1 \\ 1 & {-}2 & 1 & {-}1 & {-}1\end{array}\,\right|\qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{非零（絶対値）最小元を探す}\\\qquad(0, 0)\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = 1 \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}{-}1 & 1 & 0 & {-}1 & {-}2 \\ 0 & 3 & 1 & 1 & {-}2 \\ 0 & 1 & {-}1 & 0 & {-}2 \\ 0 & {-}3 & 0 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & {-}1 & 1 & {-}2 & {-}3\end{array}\,\right|\qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{\((1,1)\)成分を使って}\\\text{第１列の成分を小さくする}\\\qquad[0, -1, -2, 1, -1]\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = 1 \times (-1) \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}3 & 1 & 1 & {-}2 \\ 1 & {-}1 & 0 & {-}2 \\ {-}3 & 0 & 0 & 3 \\ {-}1 & 1 & {-}2 & {-}3\end{array}\,\right|\qquad\text{段を減らす} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = (-1) \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}3 & 1 & 1 & {-}2 \\ 1 & {-}1 & 0 & {-}2 \\ {-}3 & 0 & 0 & 3 \\ {-}1 & 1 & {-}2 & {-}3\end{array}\,\right|\qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{非零（絶対値）最小元を探す}\\\qquad(1, 0)\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = 1 \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}1 & {-}1 & 0 & {-}2 \\ 3 & 1 & 1 & {-}2 \\ {-}3 & 0 & 0 & 3 \\ {-}1 & 1 & {-}2 & {-}3\end{array}\,\right| \qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{第1行と第2行を}\\\quad \text{入れ替える}\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = 1 \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}1 & {-}1 & 0 & {-}2 \\ 0 & 4 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & {-}3 & 0 & {-}3 \\ 0 & 0 & {-}2 & {-}5\end{array}\,\right|\qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{\((1,1)\)成分を使って}\\\text{第１列の成分を小さくする}\\\qquad[0, 3, -3, -1]\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = 1 \times 1 \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}4 & 1 & 4 \\ {-}3 & 0 & {-}3 \\ 0 & {-}2 & {-}5\end{array}\,\right|\qquad\text{段を減らす} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = 1 \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}4 & 1 & 4 \\ {-}3 & 0 & {-}3 \\ 0 & {-}2 & {-}5\end{array}\,\right|\qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{非零（絶対値）最小元を探す}\\\qquad(0, 1)\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = (-1) \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}1 & 4 & 4 \\ 0 & {-}3 & {-}3 \\ {-}2 & 0 & {-}5\end{array}\,\right| \qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{第1列と第2列を}\\\quad\text{入れ替える}\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = (-1) \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}wr{15pt}@{}}1 & 4 & 4 \\ 0 & {-}3 & {-}3 \\ 0 & 8 & 3\end{array}\,\right|\qquad \begin{array}{l}\text{\((1,1)\)成分を使って}\\\text{第１列の成分を小さくする}\\\qquad[0, 0, -2]\end{array} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = (-1) \times 1 \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}@{}}{-}3 & {-}3 \\ 8 & 3\end{array}\,\right|\qquad\text{段を減らす} \)

\( \qquad \qquad \qquad = (-1) \times \left|\,\begin{array}{@{}rwr{15pt}@{}}{-}3 & {-}3 \\ 8 & 3\end{array}\,\right| = (-1) \times ( (-3)\times 3 - (-3)\times 8 ) = -15 \)